The basics
- your name or company name, address and contact details
- the client’s company name and billing address
- an invoice number, the date and a due date
- the client’s PO number and cost center, and your statement of work or engagement letter reference
- the period the invoice covers, for example October 1 to 31
- days, hours or the retainer, each at its rate, then expenses at cost
Many accounts teams will not pay an invoice that has no PO number, so ask for it when the engagement is agreed.
Retainers and expenses
Bill a retainer in advance, at the start of the period it covers, and bill any hours beyond it in arrears on the next invoice. Say which period each invoice covers so nothing is billed twice.
Pass expenses on at cost, each on its own line, and attach the receipts so nobody has to ask for them.
Independent consultants: state freelance laws
If you consult as an individual independent contractor, three states' freelance laws can apply: New York State for work of $800 or more, California for work worth more than $250, and Illinois for $500 or more in a 120-day period. The client owes you a written contract, and if it sets no payment date, payment is due within 30 days of finishing the work.
Sources: New York Attorney General, California Governor's office, California Senate, Illinois Department of Labor
W-9 and 1099-NEC
A business that pays you $2,000 or more in a year, for payments made after December 31, 2025, files a Form 1099-NEC, and it will ask for your Form W-9 first. Payments to corporations, including LLCs taxed as corporations, are generally not reported. If you do not give a correct taxpayer ID, the client must hold back 24% of each payment as backup withholding, so send the W-9 with your first invoice.
Sources: IRS: Form 1099-NEC, IRS: 1099-NEC instructions, IRS: Form W-9, IRS: backup withholding
Consulting in the UK
A UK invoice needs a unique number, your name or company name, address and contact details, the client’s name and address, a description of the work, the supply date, the invoice date and the total. A limited company uses its full name exactly as it appears on the certificate of incorporation. Charge VAT only once registered: registration is compulsory when taxable turnover for the last 12 months goes over £90,000.
Consulting clients are businesses, so if one pays late you can claim statutory interest at 8% over Bank Rate plus a fixed £40, £70 or £100, unless your contract sets its own rate. The late payment interest calculator works it out.
Sources: gov.uk: what an invoice must include, gov.uk: register for VAT, gov.uk: late commercial payments, gov.uk: charging interest
Rules checked against the official sources linked above on October 19, 2026. Example prices are illustrative. This is general guidance, not legal or tax advice.